Study published in International Conference on AIDS, 15th : 2004 : Bangkok, Thailand, July 11-16: abstract no. TuPeC4861. The Naval Health Research Center conducted a study of men assigned to aircraft carriers. The results showed that "lack of circumcision was not found to be a risk factor for HIV."

Conclusion: Male circumcision "is not associated with HIV or STI prevention in this U. S. military population."